Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) Practice

Environmental exposure to which of the following may be a risk factor for developing Parkinson’s disease?

1. Aspiration pneumonia

2. Pesticides

3. Smoking

4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The correct answer is: Pesticides

The link between environmental exposure to pesticides and the risk of developing Parkinson's disease has been supported by various studies. Pesticides, particularly those classified as neurotoxic, have been shown to have a detrimental effect on the central nervous system. Individuals who are regularly exposed to these chemicals, such as agricultural workers, have demonstrated a higher incidence of Parkinson's disease compared to those with limited or no exposure. Research suggests that certain pesticides can affect dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, which are the same neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease. The mechanism of action involves the disruption of mitochondrial function and the generation of oxidative stress, both of which are significant factors in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. While aspiration pneumonia, smoking, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs might have health implications and potential associations with various conditions, they do not have the same direct and established risk factor relationship with Parkinson’s disease as pesticides do. The emphasis on pesticides highlights the importance of environmental factors in the development of this neurodegenerative disorder.